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Course: AP®︎/College Biology > Unit 10

Lesson 1: See how our course content aligns with AP®︎ Biology standards
Science
AP®︎/College Biology
AP®︎ Biology standards mappings
See how our course content aligns with AP®︎ Biology standards
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AP®︎ Biology content aligned to standards

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Each of our units is listed with a table of its contents, with the course content on the left side (Lessons ☰, Articles 📝, Videos 📺, and Exercises ✅) and the covered standards on the right side.
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Chemistry of life

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ContentStandards
☰ Structure of water and hydrogen bonding
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📺 Hydrogen bonding in water
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📝 Hydrogen bonds in water
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📺 Capillary action and why we see a meniscus
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📺 Surface tension
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📝 Cohesion and adhesion of water
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📺 Water as a solvent
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📝 Specific heat, heat of vaporization, and density of water
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📺 Importance of water for life
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📝 Lesson summary: Water and life
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✅ Structure of water and hydrogen bonding
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☰ Elements of life
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📺 Elements and atoms
📝 Matter, elements, and atoms
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📺 Carbon as a building block of life
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📝 Carbon and hydrocarbons
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📺 Functional groups
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📝 Functional groups
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📺 Elemental building blocks of biological molecules
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✅ Elements of life
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☰ Introduction to biological macromolecules
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📺 Ionic bonds
📺 Covalent bonds
📝 Chemical bonds
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📝 Introduction to macromolecules
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📺 Dehydration synthesis or a condensation reaction
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📺 Hydrolysis
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✅ Introduction to biological macromolecules
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☰ Properties, structure, and function of biological macromolecules
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📺 Molecular structure of DNA
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📺 Antiparallel structure of DNA strands
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📺 Molecular structure of RNA
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📺 Introduction to amino acids
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📺 Overview of protein structure
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📺 Introduction to carbohydrates
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📝 Carbohydrates
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📺 Molecular structure of triglycerides (fats)
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📺 Saturated fats, unsaturated fats, and trans fats
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📝 Biological macromolecules review
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✅ Properties, structure, and function of biological macromolecules
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☰ Nucleic acids
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📺 DNA
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📺 Molecular structure of DNA
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📺 Antiparallel structure of DNA strands
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📺 Molecular structure of RNA
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📝 Nucleic acids
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✅ Nucleic acids
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Cell structure and function

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ContentStandards
☰ Cell structures and their functions
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📺 Introduction to the cell
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📺 Organelles in eukaryotic cells
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📝 Intro to eukaryotic cells
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📺 Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies
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📺 Endomembrane system
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📝 The endomembrane system
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📺 Mitochondria
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📝 Mitochondria and chloroplasts
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✅ Cell structures and their functions
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☰ Cell size
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📺 Scale of cells
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📺 Cell size
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📺 Introduction to cilia, flagella and pseudopodia
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📺 Surface area to volume ratio of cells
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📺 Surface area of a box (cuboid)
📺 Volume of a sphere
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✅ Cell size
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☰ Plasma membranes
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📺 Fluid mosaic model of cell membranes
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📺 Cell membrane proteins
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📝 Structure of the plasma membrane
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📝 The cell membrane review
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✅ Plasma membranes
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☰ Membrane permeability
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📺 Cell membrane introduction
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📺 Cell membrane overview and fluid mosaic model
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📝 Fluid mosaic model: cell membranes article
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📺 Plant cell walls
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📝 The extracellular matrix and cell wall
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✅ Membrane permeability
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☰ Membrane transport
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📺 Introduction to passive and active transport
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📺 Passive transport and selective permeability
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📝 Passive transport review
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📝 Active transport review
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📺 Endocytosis, phagocytosis, and pinocytosis
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📺 Exocytosis
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📝 Bulk transport
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✅ Membrane transport
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☰ Facilitated diffusion
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📺 Facilitated diffusion
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📝 Diffusion and passive transport
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📺 Electrochemical gradients and secondary active transport
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📺 Uniporters, symporters and antiporters
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📝 Active transport
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📺 Sodium potassium pump
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📝 Active transport review
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✅ Facilitated diffusion
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☰ Mechanisms of transport: tonicity and osmoregulation
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📺 Diffusion and osmosis
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📺 Osmosis
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📺 Hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions (tonicity)
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📝 Osmosis and tonicity
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📺 Water potential example
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✅ Mechanisms of transport: tonicity and osmoregulation
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☰ Cell compartmentalization and its origins
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📺 Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
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📝 Intro to eukaryotic cells
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📺 Endomembrane system
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📝 The endomembrane system
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📺 Endosymbiosis theory
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📝 Mitochondria and chloroplasts
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📝 Prokaryotes and eukaryotes review
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✅ Cell compartmentalization
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Cellular energetics

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ContentStandards
☰ Enzyme structure and catalysis
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📺 Enzymes
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📝 Activation energy
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📝 Enzymes and the active site
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📝 Enzymes review
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✅ Enzyme structure and catalysis
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☰ Environmental impacts on enzyme function
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📝 Enzymes review
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📺 Enzyme reaction velocity and pH
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📺 Competitive inhibition
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📺 Noncompetitive inhibition
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📝 Enzyme regulation
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📝 Basics of enzyme kinetics graphs
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✅ Environmental impacts on enzyme function
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☰ Cellular energy
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📺 First Law of Thermodynamics introduction
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📺 Second Law of Thermodynamics and entropy
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📺 Reaction coupling to create glucose-6-phosphate
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📝 ATP and reaction coupling
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📺 Introduction to metabolism: Anabolism and catabolism
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📝 Overview of metabolism
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✅ Cellular energy
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☰ Photosynthesis
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📺 Photosynthesis
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📝 Intro to photosynthesis
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📺 Breaking down photosynthesis stages
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📺 Conceptual overview of light dependent reactions
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📝 The light-dependent reactions
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📝 The Calvin cycle
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📺 Photosynthesis evolution
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📝 Photosynthesis review
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✅ Photosynthesis
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☰ Cellular respiration
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📺 Cellular respiration introduction
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📝 Introduction to cellular respiration and redox
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📝 Steps of cellular respiration
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📺 Overview of cellular respiration
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📺 Oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain
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📝 Oxidative phosphorylation
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📝 Fermentation and anaerobic respiration
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📺 ATP synthase
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✅ Cellular respiration
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☰ Fitness
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📺 Molecular variation
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✅ Fitness
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Cell communication and cell cycle

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ContentStandards
☰ Cell communication
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📺 Cellular communication
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📺 Overview of cell signaling
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📝 Introduction to cell signaling
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📝 Cell-cell signaling in unicellular organisms
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📺 Intro to the endocrine system
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📝 Cell-cell junctions
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✅ Cell communication
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☰ Signal transduction
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📺 Membrane Receptors
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📝 Ligands & receptors
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📺 G Protein Coupled Receptors
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📝 Signal relay pathways
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📺 Cellular mechanism of hormone action
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📝 Response to a signal
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📺 Example of a signal transduction pathway
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📺 Cell signaling in yeast reproduction
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📝 Cell-cell signaling in unicellular organisms
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✅ Signal transduction
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☰ Changes in signal transduction pathways
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📺 G Protein Coupled Receptors
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📝 Signal relay pathways
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📺 Example of a signal transduction pathway
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📺 Activation and inhibition of signal transduction pathways
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✅ Changes in signal transduction pathways
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☰ Feedback
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📺 Homeostasis
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📝 Homeostasis
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📺 Hormone concentration metabolism and negative feedback
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✅ Feedback
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☰ Cell cycle
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📺 Interphase
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📝 Phases of the cell cycle
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📺 Mitosis
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📝 Phases of mitosis
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📝 Chromosomes
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✅ Cell cycle
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☰ Regulation of cell cycle
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📺 Cell cycle control
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📝 Cell cycle checkpoints
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📝 Cell cycle regulators
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📺 Loss of cell cycle control in cancer
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📝 Cancer and the cell cycle
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✅ Regulation of cell cycle
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Heredity

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ContentStandards
☰ Meiosis and genetic diversity
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📺 Fertilization terminology: gametes, zygotes, haploid, diploid
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📺 Chromosomal crossover in meiosis I
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📺 Phases of meiosis I
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📺 Phases of meiosis II
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📝 Meiosis
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📺 Comparing mitosis and meiosis
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✅ Meiosis and genetic diversity
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☰ Mendelian genetics
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📺 Introduction to heredity
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📺 Fertilization terminology: gametes, zygotes, haploid, diploid
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📺 Alleles and genes
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📺 Worked example: Punnett squares
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📝 Mendel and his peas
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📝 The law of segregation
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📝 The law of independent assortment
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📝 Probabilities in genetics
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📺 Pedigrees
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✅ Mendelian genetics
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☰ Non-Mendelian genetics
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📝 Variations on Mendel's laws (overview)
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📺 Thomas Hunt Morgan and fruit flies
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📝 The chromosomal basis of inheritance
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📝 X-linked inheritance
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📝 Genetic linkage & mapping
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📺 Pedigree for determining probability of exhibiting sex linked recessive trait
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📝 Pedigrees review
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📺 Extranuclear inheritance 1
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📝 Inheritance of mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA
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✅ Non-Mendelian genetics
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☰ Environmental effects on phenotype
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📺 Phenotype plasticity
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📺 Gene environment interaction
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📝 Polygenic inheritance and environmental effects
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✅ Environmental effects on phenotype
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☰ Chromosomal inheritance
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📺 Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory
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📝 The chromosomal basis of inheritance
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📝 Aneuploidy & chromosomal rearrangements
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📺 Variation in a species
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✅ Chromosomal inheritance
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Gene expression and regulation

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ContentStandards
☰ DNA and RNA structure
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📺 Introduction to nucleic acids and nucleotides
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📺 DNA
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📺 Molecular structure of DNA
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📺 Molecular structure of RNA
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📝 Nucleic acids
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📝 Prokaryote structure
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✅ DNA and RNA structure
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☰ Replication
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📺 Antiparallel structure of DNA strands
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📺 Leading and lagging strands in DNA replication
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📺 Speed and precision of DNA replication
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📺 Semi conservative replication
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📝 Molecular mechanism of DNA replication
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📝 DNA structure and replication review
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✅ Replication
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☰ Transcription and RNA processing
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📺 Molecular structure of RNA
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📝 Nucleic acids
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📺 Transcription and mRNA processing
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📺 Post-transcriptional regulation
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📝 Eukaryotic gene transcription: Going from DNA to mRNA
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📝 Overview of transcription
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📝 Eukaryotic pre-mRNA processing
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✅ Transcription and RNA processing
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☰ Translation
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📺 Translation (mRNA to protein)
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📝 Overview of translation
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📺 Retroviruses
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📺 Differences in translation between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
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📺 DNA replication and RNA transcription and translation
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📝 Intro to gene expression (central dogma)
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📝 The genetic code
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✅ Translation
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☰ Regulation of gene expression and cell specialization
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📺 DNA and chromatin regulation
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📺 Regulation of transcription
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📺 Cellular specialization (differentiation)
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📺 Non-coding RNA (ncRNA)
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📺 Operons and gene regulation in bacteria
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📝 Overview: Gene regulation in bacteria
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📺 Lac operon
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📝 The lac operon
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📝 Overview: Eukaryotic gene regulation
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📝 Transcription factors
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✅ Regulation of gene expression and cell specialization
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☰ Mutations
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📺 An introduction to genetic mutations
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📺 Mutagens and carcinogens
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📺 The effects of mutations
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📺 Impact of mutations on translation into amino acids
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📺 Mutation as a source of variation
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📝 Aneuploidy & chromosomal rearrangements
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📝 Genetic variation in prokaryotes
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📝 Evolution of viruses
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✅ Mutations
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☰ Biotechnology
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📺 Introduction to genetic engineering
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📝 Intro to biotechnology
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📺 DNA cloning and recombinant DNA
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📝 Overview: DNA cloning
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📺 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
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📝 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
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📺 Gel electrophoresis
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📝 Gel electrophoresis
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📺 DNA sequencing
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📝 DNA sequencing
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📺 Applications of DNA technologies
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✅ Biotechnology
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,

Natural selection

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☰ Natural selection
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📺 Introduction to evolution and natural selection
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📺 Natural selection and the owl butterfly
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📺 Biodiversity and natural selection
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📺 Variation in a species
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📝 Darwin, evolution, & natural selection
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✅ Natural selection
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☰ Artificial selection
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📝 Evolution: Natural selection and human selection article
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📺 Artificial selection and domestication
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✅ Artificial selection
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☰ Population genetics
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📺 Genetic drift, bottleneck effect, and founder effect
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📝 Genetic drift
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📺 DNA spells evolution
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📺 Variation in a species
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📝 Natural selection in populations
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✅ Population genetics
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☰ Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
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📺 Allele frequency
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📝 Allele frequency & the gene pool
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📺 Hardy-Weinberg equation
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📺 Applying the Hardy-Weinberg equation
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📺 Discussions of conditions for Hardy-Weinberg
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📝 Mechanisms of evolution
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✅ Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
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☰ Evidence for evolution
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📺 Evidence for evolution
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📝 Evidence for evolution
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📺 Fossils: Rocking the Earth
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📺 Biogeography: Where life lives
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📺 Molecular evidence for evolutionary relationships examples
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📺 Carbon 14 dating 1
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✅ Evidence of evolution
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☰ Common ancestry and continuing evolution
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📺 Evidence for evolution
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📝 Evidence for evolution
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📺 Organelles in eukaryotic cells
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📝 Intro to eukaryotic cells
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📺 Cellular evidence of common ancestry
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📝 Evolution of viruses
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✅ Common ancestry and continuing evolution
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☰ Phylogeny
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📺 Taxonomy and the tree of life
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📺 Discovering the tree of life
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📺 Understanding and building phylogenetic trees
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📝 Phylogenetic trees
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📝 Building a phylogenetic tree
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✅ Phylogeny
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☰ Speciation
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📺 Species
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📺 Speciation
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📺 Reproductive isolation
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📺 New localities lead to new biodiversity
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📝 Species & speciation
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✅ Speciation
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☰ Extinction
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📺 Biodiversity and extinction, then and now
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📺 New localities lead to new biodiversity
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📝 A brief history of mass extinctions
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📝 Surviving an extinction level event
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✅ Extinction
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☰ Variations in populations
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📺 Introduction to evolution and natural selection
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📺 Variation in a species
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📺 Population diversity and resilience
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✅ Variations in populations
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☰ Origins of life on earth
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📺 Earth formation
📺 Beginnings of life
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📺 Origins of life
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📝 Hypotheses about the origins of life
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📺 The RNA origin of life
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📝 RNA world
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✅ Origins of life on Earth
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Ecology

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☰ Responses to the environment
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📝 Intro to animal behavior
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📝 Innate behaviors
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📝 Learned behaviors
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📺 Animal communication
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📝 Animal communication
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📺 Animal behavior: foraging
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✅ Responses to the environment
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☰ Energy flow through ecosystems
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📝 Metabolic rate
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📝 Endotherms & ectotherms
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📝 Temperature regulation strategies
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📺 Life history strategies and fecundity
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📝 Life history strategies
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📺 Flow of energy and matter through ecosystems
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📝 Food chains & food webs
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📺 Impact of changes to trophic pyramids
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✅ Energy flow through ecosystems
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☰ Population ecology
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📺 Exponential and logistic growth in populations
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📝 Exponential & logistic growth
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📺 Population regulation
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📝 Population regulation
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📺 Population growth rate based on birth and death rates
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📺 Per capita population growth and exponential growth
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📺 Logistic growth versus exponential growth
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📝 Population ecology review
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✅ Population ecology
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☰ Community ecology
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📺 Interactions between populations
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📝 Interactions in communities
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📝 Niches & competition
📺 Predator-prey cycles
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📺 Tropical rainforest diversity
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📝 Community structure
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📺 Simpson's index of diversity
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✅ Community ecology
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☰ Biodiversity
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📺 Ecosystems and ecological networks
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📝 Community structure
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📺 Tropical rainforest diversity
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✅ Biodiversity
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☰ Disruptions to ecosystems
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📺 Mutation as a source of variation
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📺 Introduced species and biodiversity
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📝 Invasive species
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📺 Human activities that threaten biodiversity
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📺 How does climate change affect biodiversity?
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📺 How did all dinosaurs except birds go extinct?
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📺 Were dinosaurs undergoing long-term decline before mass extinction?
📝 Human impact on ecosystems review
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✅ Disruptions to ecosystems
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Worked examples of AP®︎ Biology free response questions

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ContentStandards
☰ Worked examples - 2015
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📺 1a-c, Responses to the environment
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📺 1d-e, Responses to the environment & natural selection
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📺 2a-b, Cellular respiration & common ancestry
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📺 2c-d, Cellular respiration & cell compartmentalization and its origins
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📺 3a-b, Phylogeny
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📺 4a-b, Meiosis and genetic diversity
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📺 5a-b, Responses to the environment
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📺 6a-c, Population ecology
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AP®︎ Biology standards mappings

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☰ See how our course content aligns with AP®︎ Biology standards
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